Discrepancy between behavioral-indicated and perceived candidacy for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men in Chengdu, China / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the discrepancy between behavioral-indicated candidacy and perceived candidacy (behavioral-perceived gap) and its associated factors of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among men who have sex with men (MSM), so as to identify the focus population of PrEP interventions and to design and implement targeted interventions.@*METHODS@#We recruited a sample of 622 HIV-negative MSM who were regular clients of a community-based organization located in Chengdu, China, from November to December 2021. A cross-sectional questionnaire was used to collect the participants' information on social demographics, PrEP-related knowledge and cognitions, and risk behaviors. In this study, behaviorally eligible for PrEP was defined as performing at least one type of high-risk behavior in the past six months, including inconsistent condom use, sex with an HIV-positive partner, confirmed sexual transmitted infections (STI) diagnosis, substance use, and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) experience. Logistic regression models were fitted, and multivariate analyses were adjusted for social demographics.@*RESULTS@#Among the 622 eligible participants, 52.6% (327/622) were classified as behaviorally eligible for PrEP. Only 37.9% (124/327) of the participants perceived themselves as appropriate candidates for PrEP and 62.1% (203/207) had discrepancy between behavioral-indicated and perceived candidacy. 85.9% (281/327) had heard of PrEP, and 14.2% (40/281) accessed PrEP information through health care providers. Of the 327 participants eligible for behavior-indicated PrEP use, about half (47.1%) knew how to obtain PrEP medication and 33.0% had a professional PrEP counseling experience. The majority (93.3%) had no or few friends using PrEP. 54.1% scored eight or above in PrEP knowledge level. 66.7% reported having two or more sexual partners in the past six months. After adjusting for age and recruitment channel, we found six factors that were associated with perceived candidacy for PrEP, including PEP use [adjusted odds ratio (ORA)=2.20; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.33-3.63], PrEP availability (ORA=1.69; 95%CI: 1.06-2.68), a greater number of PrEP-using friends (ORA=4.92; 95%CI: 1.77-13.65), PrEP know-ledge (ORA=2.21; 95%CI: 1.38-3.56), multiple sexual partnership (ORA=1.77; 95%CI: 1.07-2.94), and perceiving a higher risk of HIV infection (ORA=4.02; 95%CI: 1.73-9.32). Substance use during sex and PrEP information channel were not statistically associated with this beha-vioral-perceived gap.@*CONCLUSION@#We observed a high discrepancy between behavioral-indicated and perceived candidacy for PrEP among Chengdu MSM in China. Future PrEP implementation efforts should be made in skills training in assessing HIV infection risk, increasing PrEP knowledge, providing professional PrEP counselling, and fostering PrEP support environment.

Status and associated factors of pre-exposure prophylaxis use among men who have sex with men in 24 cities in China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To understand the cognition and medication use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China and its associated factors. Method: From August 25 to September 5, 2021, 2 447 MSM were recruited in 24 cities to complete the online questionnaire through a male social interaction platform, Blued 7.5 software. The survey contents included demographic information of the respondents, PrEP awareness and usage, and risk behaviors. Descriptive analysis and multi-level logistic regression were performed for data analysis. SPSS 24.0 and SAS 9.4 software were used for statistical analysis. Results: Among the 2 447 respondents of MSM, 1 712 (69.96%) had heard of PrEP, 437 (17.86%) ever used PrEP, 274 (11.20%) were on PrEP, and 163 (6.66%) had discontinued PrEP; among the 437 cases (whoever used PrEP), more than 61.88% (388/627) adopted emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate regimen, and most of them adopted on-demand regimen. The average PrEP dosage reported in the past year is 1.12 tabletsper person per week. PrEP purchase was primarily via an online channel, and the most concerned factor was the PrEP effectiveness on HIV prevention. The most common reasons for discontinuing PrEP, reported by 163 cases, were the lack of HIV risk perception, the use of a condom to prevent HIV, and the economic burden of PrEP use. The logistic regression analysis showed that PrEP use among MSM in 24 cities was statistically associated with age, monthly income, ever having unprotected anal sex in the past year, used sexual drugs and sexually transmitted disease (STD) diagnosis in the past year. Compared with MSM aged 18-24, the proportion of MSM was relatively lower among those aged 25-44, who discontinued the PrEP (aOR=0.54,95%CI:0.34-0.87) or never used PrEP (aOR=0.62,95%CI:0.44-0.87). The proportion of unprotected anal sex among MSM currently on PrEP use was higher than those who have stopped PrEP and never used PrEP (all P<0.05). Those MSM group, with monthly income higher than 5 000 Yuan, used sexual drugs and STD diagnosis in the past year were more likely to have a higher rate for PrEP usage (all P<0.05). Conclusions: Currently, pre-exposure prophylaxis in the MSM group is primarily obtained via the online channel and adopted in an on-demand mode. Although the PrEP users have reached a certain proportion, it is still necessary to strengthen health education on the PrEP effects and side effects of MSM and to improve the awareness and use rate, especially for young MSM group, which can be combined with the advantages of the internet targeting its needs and use barriers.

Analysis of on-demand adherence and related factors in men who have sex with men who access HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis services via the internet / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To understand the compliancy to on-demand HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and related factors in men who have sex with men (MSM) accessing to PrEP service through an Internet platform. Methods: A cross-sectional study method was used to recruit survey respondents through the Heer Health platform from July 6 to August 30, 2022, and a questionnaire survey on the current status of medication use was conducted in MSM who use PrEP through the platform and take medication on demand. The MSM's information collected in the survey mainly included socio-demographic characteristics, behavioral characteristics, risk perception characteristics, PrEP awareness and the status of dose taking. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate factors related with compliancy to PrEP. Results: A total of 330 MSM who met the recruitment criteria were included during the survey period, with a valid response rate of 96.7% (319/330) to the questionnaire survey. The age of the 319 MSM was (32.5±7.3) years. Most of them had education level of junior college or college and above (94.7%, 302/319), most of them were unmarried (90.3%, 288/319), most of them had full-time works (95.9%, 306/319), and 40.8% of them had average monthly income ≥10 000 yuan (130/319). The proportion of the MSM with good compliancy to PrEP was 86.5% (276/319). The results of univariate and multivariate logistic analyses showed that the MSM with good awareness of PrEP had relatively better compliancy to PrEP compared with those with poor awareness of PrEP (aOR=2.43, 95%CI:1.11-5.32). Conclusions: The compliancy to on-demand PrEP was good in MSM who accessed to the services through Internet platform, but there is still a need to strengthen PrEP promotion in MSM for the further improvement of PrEP compliancy and reduction of the risk for HIV infection in this population.

Awareness of and willingness to use pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent HIV infection among female sex workers in Anambra State, south-eastern Nigeria

Background: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a highly effective preventive measures against HIV infection but its success is strongly based on adherence, which in turn depends on willingness to use. This study is aimed at assessing the level of awareness and willingness to use PrEP to prevent HIV infection among female sex workers (FSWs) in Anambra State, Nigeria, and to identify factors that influence willingness to use PrEP. Methodology: The study was a cross-sectional survey involving 265 brothel-based FSWs recruited through snowballing technique. A structured questionnaire was used to collect relevant information on demographic characteristics, awareness of HIV/AIDS and transmission route, attitudes/behavior related to HIV/AIDS, and awareness of and willingness to use PrEP. Univariate and bivariate analyses with Chi square test (with Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval) was used to determine association of socio-demographic and predictive factors with willingness to use PrEP. Statistical significance was considered when p value was less than 0.05. Results: Of 265 FSW respondents, only 81 (31.2%) have heard of PrEP, 10 (3.9%) indicated they have previously used PrEP while 91.0% indicated willingness to use PrEP. Univariate analysis showed that FSWs in Onitsha had a significantly higher odds (OR=28.6, 95% CI=1.718-476.82, p=0.0006) while those from Awka had a significantly lower odds (OR=0.184, 95% CI=0.0704-0.1812, p=0.0004) of willingness to use PrEP. Also, FSWs with monthly income less than 18,000 Naira had a lower odd of willingness to use PrEP (OR=0.3980, 95% CI=0.1593-0.9945, p=0.08). Bivariate analysis shows that FSWs who wish to have more knowledge of HIV/AIDS had higher odd of willingness to use PrEP than those who did not wish to have more knowledge (OR=4.235, 95% CI=1.577­11.374, p=0.0066). Similarly, FSWs who are worried of being discriminated against have a lower odd of willingness to use PrEP than those who are not worried of being discriminated against (OR=0.3921, 95% CI=0.1582-0.9718, p=0.0439). Conclusion: Our study showed low awareness but high willingness to use PrEP among FSWs in Anambra State,Nigeria. Cost, HIV/AIDS knowledge and fear of discrimination are significant predicting factors of willingness to use HIV PrEP and should be considered when formulating PrEP policy. Adequate enlightenment on PrEP should be emphasized among FSWs.

Concordancia entre dos escalas para evaluar la clasificación del riesgo de eventos tromboembólicos y el requerimiento de profilaxis farmacológica en el posparto / Agreement between two scales used for assessing risk classification for thromboembolic events and the requirement of postpartum pharmacological prophylaxis

RESUMEN Objetivos: Establecer la concordancia para evaluar el requerimiento de profilaxis farmacológica en el puerperio entre la escala del Rojal College Obstetricians and Gynaecologists y la escala de la guía colombiana en una institución de cuarto nivel en Bogotá, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de concordancia diagnóstica ensamblado sobre un estudio transversal. Se incluyeron mujeres embarazadas con 24 o más semanas de gestación que ingresaron para inducción de trabajo de parto, en trabajo de parto activo, para cesárea electiva, o que requirieron cesárea de urgencia, hospitalizadas entre el 1 de marzo y 30 de abril de 2021 en una institución privada de alta complejidad en Bogotá, Colombia. Se realizó un muestreo por conveniencia. Se midieron variables demográficas, factores de riesgo, clasificación del riesgo y profilaxis farmacológica según las dos escalas. Se calculó la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo por cada escala y la concordancia en la indicación de la profilaxis entre las dos escalas por medio del valor de kappa ponderado. Resultados: Se incluyeron 320 pacientes. La escala del Royal College Obstetricians and Gynaecologists clasificó al 54,7 % de las pacientes en riesgo bajo, riesgo intermedio al 42,5 % y riesgo alto al 2,8 %. La escala colombiana clasificó al 80 % de las pacientes en riesgo bajo, 17,2 % riesgo intermedio, 2,2 % riesgo alto y 0,6 % con riesgo muy alto. El valor kappa ponderado para la concordancia para indicación fue de 0,47 (IC 95 %: 0,38-0,56). Conclusiones: La concordancia de las dos escalas para definir requerimiento de profilaxis farmacológica en el posparto tiene un acuerdo moderado. Se considera es necesario validar los criterios de clasificación del riesgo de la escala colombiana en una segunda cohorte, además evaluar la capacidad predictiva de la herramienta de la guía colombiana en diferentes puntos de corte en términos de las consecuencias de falsos positivos y negativos.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To determine agreement in assessing the need for postpartum pharmacological prophylaxis between the scale of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and the Colombian guideline scale in a Level IV institution in Bogota, Colombia. Material and methods: Diagnostic agreement study assembled on a cross-sectional study. The included population consisted of pregnant women with 24 or more weeks of pregnancy admitted between March 1 and April 30 of 2021 to a high complexity private institution in Bogotá, Colombia, for labor induction, in active labor, for elective cesarean section, or who required urgent cesarean section. Convenience sampling was used. Measured variables included demographics, risk factors, risk classification and pharmacological prophylaxis according to the two scales. The prevalence of risk factors for each scale was estimated and agreement regarding prophylaxis indication between the two scales was measured using the weighted kappa value. Results: Overall, 320 patients were included. According to the scale of the Royal College Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 54.7 % patients were classified as low risk, 42.5 % as intermediate risk and 2.8 % as high risk. The Colombian scale classified 80 % of patients as low risk, 17.2 % as intermediate risk, 2.2 % as high risk, and 0.6 % as very high risk. The weighted kappa value for agreement regarding the indication was 0.47 (95 % CI: 0.38-0.56). Conclusions: Agreement between the two scales to determine the need for postpartum pharmacological prophylaxis is moderate. Risk classification criteria for the Colombian scale should be validated in a second cohort. Moreover, the predictive ability of the Colombian guideline tool should be assessed at different cut-off points in terms of the consequences of false positive and false negative results.

Profilaxia pré-exposição de tromboembolia venosa e enfermagem: A realidade de um hospital público universitário / Profilaxis preexposición de la tromboembolia venosa y enfermería: La realidad de un hospital público universitario / Pre-exposure prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism and nursing: The reality of a university public hospital

Objetivo: caracterizar o risco de tromboembolismo venoso e uso de profilaxia em pacientes clínicos e cirúrgicos, avaliando a conformidade ou não-conformidade da prescrição de profilaxia medicamentosa. Método: estudo transversal, com 3341 pacientes clínicos e cirúrgicos com protocolo de profilaxia de tromboembolismo venoso preenchido aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa CAAE 62055616.7.00005411, com dados extraídos de relatório personalizado gerado automaticamente do prontuário eletrônico do paciente em planilha Excel®, do período de março/2017 a dezembro 2017. As análises iniciais foram obtidas a partir de medidas descritivas para as variáveis quantitativas e frequências e percentuais para variáveis categorizadas. Resultados: A taxa global de conformidade foi de 70% e os pacientes clínicos apresentaram maior conformidade de prescrição de profilaxia em relação aos pacientes cirúrgicos. Conclusão: A profilaxia medicamentosa para tromboembolismo venoso é subutilizada, principalmente em pacientes cirúrgicos. Os pacientes clínicos receberam mais profilaxia que os cirúrgicos, predominando a indicação da enoxaparina sódica.(AU)

Objective: to characterize the risk of venous thromboembolism and the use of prophylaxis in clinical and surgical patients, evaluating the compliance or non-compliance with the prescription of drug prophylaxis. Method: a cross-sectional study with 3341 clinical and surgical patients with a completed venous thromboembolism prophylaxis protocol approved by the Research Ethics Committee CAAE 62055616.7.00005411, with data extracted from a personalized report automatically generated from the patient's electronic medical record in an Excel® spreadsheet, from the period from March/2017 to December 2017. The initial analyzes were obtained from descriptive measures for quantitative variables and frequencies and percentages for categorized variables. Results: The overall compliance rate was 70% and clinical patients showed greater compliance with prophylaxis prescriptions compared to surgical patients. Conclusion: Drug prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism is underused, especially in surgical patients. Clinical patients received more prophylaxis than surgical patients, with the indication of enoxaparin sodium predominating.(AU)

Objetivo: caracterizar el riesgo de tromboembolismo venoso y el uso de profilaxis en pacientes clínicos y quirúrgicos, evaluando el cumplimiento o incumplimiento de la prescripción de profilaxis farmacológica. Método: estudio transversal con 3341 pacientes clínicos y quirúrgicos con protocolo completo de profilaxis de tromboembolismo venoso aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación CAAE 62055616.7.00005411, con datos extraídos de un informe personalizado generado automáticamente a partir de la historia clínica electrónica del paciente en un Excel® hoja de cálculo, del período de marzo/2017 a diciembre de 2017. Los análisis iniciales se obtuvieron a partir de medidas descriptivas para variables cuantitativas y frecuencias y porcentajes para variables categorizadas. Resultados: La tasa de cumplimiento global fue del 70% y los pacientes clínicos mostraron un mayor cumplimiento de las prescripciones de profilaxis en comparación con los pacientes quirúrgicos. Conclusión: La profilaxis farmacológica del tromboembolismo venoso está infrautilizada, especialmente en pacientes quirúrgicos. Los pacientes clínicos recibieron más profilaxis que los pacientes quirúrgicos, predominando la indicación de enoxaparina sódica.(AU)

Consideraciones en población transgénero respecto a la infección por VIH, terapia antiretroviral, profilaxis preexposición (PreP) e interacción con tratamiento de reafirmación de género / Considerations in the transgender population regarding HIV infection, antiretroviral therapy, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PreP) and interaction with gender reaffirmation treatment

Resumen La infección por VIH es una epidemia global (prevalencia de 0,8%). En Latinoamérica, Chile, Brasil y Uruguay son los países con mayores índices. Entre las más afectadas están la población transgénero (OR 48,8 respecto a la población general). Múltiples factores bio-psico-sociales explican estas cifras. Bajo uso del preservativo, la idea de reafirmación de género, el temor a ser reemplazadas(os) por personas cisgéneros, presencia de comercio sexual, entre otros, influyen en las mayores tasas de infección. Se han implementado medidas de prevención del VIH, pero pocas dirigidas en específico a personas transgénero. La profilaxis preexposición (PreP) parece ser una nueva alternativa de prevención en este grupo, y la integración de las unidades de apoyo en la reafirmación de género con las unidades que entregan PreP, podrían aumentar su adherencia y cobertura. En las personas transgénero con infección por VIH existe baja adherencia a terapia antirretroviral (TARV), en parte por priorización del tratamiento hormonal y miedo a que la TARV altere su proceso de hormonización. Los pocos datos existentes muestran que la hormonización no se afecta con la mayoría de la TARV, pero algunos tratamientos hormonales podrían disminuir las concentraciones plasmáticas y tisulares de ciertos antirretrovirales. Faltan estudios que evalúen la interacción entre antirretrovirales y tratamiento hormonal de reafirmación de género.

Abstract HIV infection is a global epidemic, with a prevalence of 0.8%. In Latin America, Chile, Brazil and Uruguay are the countries with the highest rates. The transgender population is the most affected (OR of 48.8 compared to the general population). Multiple bio-psycho-social factors explain these issues. The low use of condoms for pressure from the partner, the idea of reaffirmation of gender, the fear to be replaced by a cisgender person, the presence of commercial sex, among others, influence the highest rates of infection. HIV prevention measures have been implemented, but few specifically targeted at transgender people. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PreP) seems to be a new prevention alternative in this group, and the integration of support units in gender reaffirmation with units that deliver PreP could increase their adherence and coverage. In HIV (+) transgender people there is low adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART), in part due to the prioritization of hormonal treatment and the fear that ART will alter their hormonalization process. The few data that exist show that hormonalization is not affected by ART, but that some hormonal treatments could lower the levels of certain antiretrovirals. More studies must be done to evaluate the interaction between antiretrovirals and gender affirming hormone therapy.

Barreiras e facilitadores do acesso de populações vulneráveis à PrEP no Brasil: Estudo ImPrEP Stakeholders / Barriers and facilitators for access to PrEP by vulnerable populations in Brazil: the ImPrEP Stakeholders Study / Barreras y facilitadores de acceso de poblaciones vulnerables a la PrEP en Brasil: Estudio ImPrEP Stakeholders

Resumo: A profilaxia pré-exposição ao HIV (PrEP) tem sido considerada uma estratégia fundamental para o controle da epidemia de HIV/aids, e desde 2018 tem sido objeto de estudo de implementação (Estudo ImPrEP Stakeholders), realizado no Brasil, no México e no Peru. Um componente qualitativo desse estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de identificar os contextos sociais e estruturais que envolvem e organizam a oferta de serviços de PrEP no Brasil, as subjetividades dos atores envolvidos e as diferentes percepções que podem impactar a efetivação dessa estratégia. O presente artigo teve como foco de análise o acesso das populações vulneráveis aos serviços de PrEP, na perspectiva de gestores, profissionais de saúde, lideranças ou ativistas e usuários de PrEP. É um estudo qualitativo com o uso de metodologia compreensiva, realizado em seis capitais brasileiras, em que foram entrevistados 71 atores-chave no período de novembro de 2018 a maio de 2019. A análise foi pautada pelos modelos analíticos sobre acesso propostos por Giovanella & Fleury, McIntyre et al. e Penchansky & Thomas. Os resultados são apresentados com base em três eixos: "percepções sobre prevenção combinada e PrEP"; "disponibilidade e adequação: perfil e estrutura dos serviços no contexto do ImPrEP"; e "aceitabilidade: atitudes e práticas dos profissionais de saúde e usuários".

Abstract: HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been considered a fundamental strategy for controlling the HIV/AIDS epidemic, and since 2018 it has been the object of an implementation study (ImPrEP Stakeholders Study), conducted in Brazil, México, and Peru. A qualitative component of this study was developed with the objective of identifying the social and structural contexts that involve and organize the supply of PrEP services in Brazil, the stakeholders' subjectivities, and the different perceptions that can impact the strategy's implementation. The current article's focus was to analyze access by vulnerable populations to PrEP services from the perspective of managers, health professionals, leaders or activists, and users of PrEP. This was a qualitative study using a comprehensive methodology, conducted in six Brazilian state capitals, interviewing 71 key actors from November 2018 to May 2019. The analysis was based on access analysis models as proposed by Giovanella & Fleury, McIntyre et al. and Penchansky & Thomas. The results are presented along three lines: "perceptions of combined prevention and PrEP", "availability and adequacy: profile and structure of services in the context of ImPrEP", and "acceptability: attitudes and practices of health professionals and users".

Resumen: La profilaxis preexposición al VIH (PrEP) ha sido considerada una estrategia fundamental para el control de la epidemia de VIH/sida y desde 2018 ha sido objeto de estudio de implementación (Estudio ImPrEP Stakeholders), realizado en Brasil, México y Perú. Un componente cualitativo de este estudio se desarrolló con el objetivo de identificar los contextos sociales y estructurales que engloban y organizan la oferta de servicios de PrEP en Brasil, las subjetividades de los actores implicados y las diferentes percepciones que pueden impactar en hacer efectiva esa estrategia. El objetivo de este artículo es el análisis del acceso de las poblaciones vulnerables a los servicios de PrEP, desde la perspectiva de los gestores, profesionales de salud, líderes o activistas y usuarios de la PrEP. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo con uso de metodología comprensiva, realizado en seis capitales brasileñas, en las que fueron entrevistados 71 actores-clave, durante el período de noviembre de 2018 a mayo de 2019. El análisis se pautó mediante modelos analíticos sobre acceso, propuestos por Giovanella & Fleury, McIntyre et al. y Penchansky & Thomas. Los resultados se presentan a partir de tres ejes: "percepciones sobre prevención combinada y PrEP", "disponibilidad y adecuación: perfil y estructura de los servicios en el contexto de la ImPrEP" y "aceptabilidad: actitudes y prácticas de los profesionales de salud y usuarios".

Meta analysis on acceptance rate of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men in China / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To systematically evaluate the acceptance of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China, so as to provide reference for the promotion of preventive drug use before human immunodeficiency virus exposure in China. Methods: By searching the databases of China national knowledge infrastructure, VIP database, Wanfan knowledge service platform, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and The Cochrane Library with key words of "men who have sex with men" "pre-exposure prophylaxis" "PrEP" and "MSM". The literature on the willingness of Chinese MSM population to accept PrEP was systematically collected, and the data of the literature meeting the inclusion criteria were extracted for Meta analysis. Results: A total of 12 articles were selected in this study, including 6 articles in English and 6 in Chinese. The score of bias risk assessment of eligible articles was 14-18, which was more than 70% of the total score. The total number of samples was 11 269. The overall acceptance rate of PrEP was 0.77(95%CI:0.71-0.82). In subgroup analysis, the acceptance rates of different nationalities, marriage, household registration, age, education background, income, sexual orientation, sexual behavior and awareness of PrEP were statistically significant. Conclusion: In general, the acceptance rate of PrEP in MSM population is higher, but the awareness rate is low. There are differences in the acceptance rate among different groups.

Lineamientos técnicos para la Profilaxis Preexposición al VIH (PrEP) / Technical Guidelines for Prophylaxis HIV Preexposure (PrEP)

Estos Lineamientos Técnicos se enmarcan en un esfuerzo por poner en práctica la «Prevención Combinada¼, un conjunto de programas comunitarios fundamentados en derechos y la evidencia que combina elementos biomédicos, estructurales y comportamentales para frenar las infecciones del VIH. Como parte del elemento biomédico se encuentra la PrEP

These Technical Guidelines are framed in an effort to put into practice the «Combined Prevention¼, a set of community programs based on rights and the evidence that combines biomedical, structural and behavioral measures to curb HIV infections. As part of the element biomedical is PrEP

Ethics and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in adolescents: an integrative review / Ética e profilaxia pré-exposição (PrEP) em adolescentes: revisão integrativa

Introduction: Worldwide estimates suggest an increase in the number of deaths by AIDS among adolescents. The Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) has been considered a potential intervention of major impact on new HIV infections. However, the discussion on PrEP in the adolescent population needs to expand mainly regarding ethical issues that emerge with its implementation. Objective: The objective of this research was to identify ethical issues related to PrEP in adolescents in the current scientific literature and discuss their impact in the implementation of this preventive strategy. Methods: An integrative review of the literature was performed on Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science databases using descriptors Ethic and PrEP. Results: The search retrieved 284 articles, of which 16 was related to adolescents and were kept in the sample after analysis. The issues detected were classified into two categories: 1) Ethics in research and 2) Ethical problems regarding access to PrEP. Conclusion: It seems that the issues discussed could diminish the potential impact of PrEP on new HIV infections among adolescents. Discussions on the theme must be deepened, as gaps regarding Ethics and HIV prevention in adolescents are evident, especially when it comes to sexual minorities, both in research and assistance.

Introdução: Estimativas mundiais sugerem um aumento no número de mortes por AIDS entre adolescentes. A profilaxia pré-exposição (PrEP) tem sido considerada uma intervenção com potencialidade de causar um grande impacto nas novas infecções pelo HIV. Apesar disso, a PrEP na população adolescente necessita de mais discussões quanto às questões éticas que emergem com sua implementação. Objetivo: Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram identificar as questões éticas relacionadas à PrEP em adolescentes na literatura científica atual e discutir seu impacto na implementação dessa estratégia de prevenção. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão integrativa da literatura nas bases de dados MEDLINE, Scopus e Web of Science, com os descritores Ethic e PrEP. Resultados: Foi possível encontrar 284 artigos, dos quais 16 eram relacionados a adolescentes e permaneceram após a análise. Os problemas detectados foram classificados em duas categorias: 1) Ética em pesquisa e 2) Problemas éticos referentes ao acesso à PrEP. Conclusão: As questões identificadas podem diminuir o potencial impacto da PrEP nas novas infecções pelo HIV na população adolescente. É necessário aprofundar as discussões sobre o tema, pois existem evidentes lacunas em relação à ética e à prevenção do HIV em adolescentes, principalmente nas minorias sexuais, tanto na pesquisa quanto na assistência, e que podem se traduzir em barreiras à sua efetiva implementação.

Analysis of sexually transmitted infections in PrEP users: population assessment in Curitiba, Brazil / Análise das infecções sexualmente transmissíveis em usuários de PrEP: avaliação de população em Curitiba

Introduction: The pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a globally recognized pharmacological approach, consisting of a daily dose of antiretroviral drugs used to reduce the contamination rate by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This combined prevention program was first offered by the Brazilian public health system in 2017 and was provided by Testing and Counseling Centers. Objective: To analyze the profile of pre-exposure prophylaxis users seen at Testing and Counseling Centers in Curitiba (state of Paraná, Brazil) and the presence of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, such as syphilis, hepatitis B and C, in these users. Methods: This is an analytical, cross-sectional study, using database provided by the information system of the Testing and Counseling Center. Results: Users of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis are mostly young, white, single men, and who are part of the group of men who have sex with other men. It was verified that, even though the HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis plays a major role in HIV prevention, it is paramount to encourage combined prevention, considering there is a significant relationship between the lack of barrier methods and positive results for syphilis. Conclusion: No connection between the use of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis and increased incidence of sexually transmitted infections was established in the present study.

Introdução: A profilaxia pré-exposição é uma abordagem farmacológica global, que consiste no uso diário de antirretrovirais, utilizada para reduzir a contaminação pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana. É uma estratégia de prevenção combinada que começou a ser ofertada no Brasil pelo Sistema Único de Saúde em 2017, por meio dos Centros de Testagem e Aconselhamento. Objetivo: Analisar o perfil dos usuários da profilaxia pré-exposição atendidos pelo Centro de Orientação e Aconselhamento de Curitiba, bem como analisar a presença do vírus da imunodeficiência humana e outras infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (sífilis, hepatite B e hepatite C) nesses usuários. Métodos: É um estudo analítico transversal, utilizando dados do Sistema de Informação do Centro de Testagem e Aconselhamento fornecidos pelo Centro de Orientação e Aconselhamento. Resultados: Foi observado que os usuários da profilaxia no estudo são majoritariamente jovens do sexo masculino, brancos e solteiros, que se enquadram no grupo homens que fazem sexo com homens. Verificou-se também que ainda que a profilaxia pré-exposição desempenhe um papel importante na prevenção do HIV, é fundamental o incentivo à prevenção combinada, pois há uma relação do não uso de métodos de barreira com os resultados positivos para sífilis nesses pacientes. Conclusão: Não foi possível, neste estudo, estabelecer uma relação do uso de profilaxia pré-exposição com o aumento da incidência de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis.

Prophylaxis of Venous Thromboembolism in Ankle and Foot Surgeries / Profilaxia do tromboembolismo venoso nas cirurgias do tornozelo e do pé

Abstract Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is among the most feared complications by orthopedists both for due to its potentially lethal outcome and the uncertainties related to its prevention. Despite the vast literature on VTE prevention in major orthopedic surgeries, little is known about it in ankle and foot procedures. In orthopedics, adequate thromboprophylaxis requires a careful assessment of the thrombotic and hemorrhagic risks based on the procedure to be performed, as well as and knowledge on anticoagulant agents. The presentis review has the goal of assessing the risk of developingdiscusses VTE risk assessment, the modalities of thromboprophylaxis modalities, and the drugs used, with an emphasis on foot and ankle surgeries.

Resumo O tromboembolismo venoso (TEV) é uma das complicações mais temidas pelos ortopedistas, tanto pelo seu desfecho potencialmente letal quanto pelas incertezas relacionadas à sua prevenção. Apesar da vasta literatura existente sobre a prevenção de TEV nas grandes cirurgias ortopédicas, pouco se sabe sobre sua prevenção nas cirurgias do tornozelo e do pé. Uma adequada prescrição da tromboprofilaxia em ortopedia exige criteriosa avaliação dos riscos trombóticos e hemorrágicos com base no tipo de cirurgia a ser realizada, além do conhecimento sobre os anticoagulantes. Esta revisão tem como objetivos abordar a avaliação do risco de desenvolver TEV, as modalidades de tromboprofilaxia, e os fármacos utilizados, tendo como ênfase as cirurgias do pé e do tornozelo.

Aceptabilidad a usar profilaxis pre-exposición para VIH en hombres gay y otros hombres que tienen sexo con hombres: indagación en LAMIS 2018 Chile / Acceptability of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention among gay men and other men who have sex with men: analysis of LAMIS 2018-Chile

INTRODUCCIÓN: Chile enfrenta una reemergencia de la epidemia del VIH concentrada en hombres gay y otros HSH. La profilaxis pre exposición (PrEP) es una intervención biomédica que ha resultado ser efectiva en la prevención del VIH en el grupo de HSH. OBJETIVO: Estimar niveles de aceptabilidad del uso de PrEP en hombres gay y otros HSH participantes en estudio LAMIS 2018 - Chile, identificando características y factores asociados a la aceptabilidad del uso de PrEP. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio basado en datos de LAMIS-2018 Chile, encuesta transversal por internet dirigida a hombres gay, bisexual, trans y otros HSH. La submuestra de este estudio consiste en 3.976 participantes que se auto-reportaron ser VIH negativos o desconocer su estado serológico, quienes respondieron preguntas sociodemográficas, de comportamiento, sobre su aceptabilidad a usar PrEP y otros aspectos relacionados. Se realizó análisis bivariados y regresión logística multivariable para identificar los factores asociados a la aceptabilidad a usar PrEP. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN: Se identificó que 55,7% de la muestra reportó una alta aceptabilidad a usar la PrEP. La regresión logística multivariable mostró que tener relaciones sexuales sin condón (ORa = 1,67, IC 95% 1,42-1,97) y haber intentado usar PrEP (ORa = 1,99, IC 95% 1,41-1, 62) se asociaron positivamente a la aceptabilidad a usar PrEP mientras que tener una relación con pareja estable, se asoció negativamente. Se identificó una aceptabilidad a usar la PrEP relativamente alta en los participantes. No obstante, se hace necesario considerar intervenciones relacionada a aumentar el conocimiento y promover la demanda de la PrEP. Además, el presente estudio muestra la necesidad de considerar la participación de las organizaciones de la sociedad civil en su implementación, fenómenos emergentes y la pertinencia territorial.

BACKGROUND: Chile is facing a re-emergence of the HIV epidemic, concentrated among men who have sex with men (MSM). Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a biomedical intervention that effectively prevents HIV transmission among MSM. AIM: The study was designed to estimate acceptability of PrEP and identify factors associated with PrEP-related attitudes and behaviors among MSM using LAMIS 2018 - Chile study data. Methods: Data were taken from the LAMIS 2018 - Chile study, a cross-sectional study of gay, bisexual, transgender, and other MSM. Our subsample included 3976 participants with self-reported HIV-negative or unknown status who responded to sociodemographic questions and items related to PrEP. Bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to identify factors associated with acceptability of PrEP. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A total of 55.7% of the sample reported high PrEP acceptability. Logistic regression indicated that engaging in sex without a condom (ORa = 1.67, IC 95% 1.42-1.97) and having previously used PrEP (ORa = 1.99, IC 95% 1.41-1.62) were associated with high acceptability to use PrEP, while having a stable partner was associated with low acceptability. The estimate of PrEP acceptability was relatively high among participants. However, interventions to increase awareness and promote demand for PrEP may be beneficial. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the need for non-governmental organizations to participate in such strategies and for measures that address regionally-relevant emerging phenomena.

Profilaxia pós-exposição ao hiv no sul de Santa Catarina / Hiv post-exposure prophylaxis in southern Santa Catarina

RESUMO Introdução: De 1980 até junho de 2018, no Brasil, conforme dados do Ministério da Saúde, existiam aproximadamente 926,742 casos de aids notificados. A aids ainda é considerada epidêmica e sem cura, por vezes, fatal. Entretanto, há estratégias quimioprofiláticas que objetivam a diminuição da morbidade e mortalidade associadas a aids. A profilaxia pós-exposição ao HIV (PEP) é eficaz quando utilizada de acordo com protocolo clínico, podendo evitar a infecção viral e, consequentemente, o desenvolvimento da doença, sendo, portanto, estratégia custo-efetiva. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a frequência da utilização da profilaxia pós-exposição (PEP) ao HIV na população do Sul de Santa Catarina. Métodos: Estudo transversal em que foram analisados formulários de dispensação de medicamentos da PEP, fichas de notificação compulsória e de acompanhamento dos pacientes atendidos no Centro de Atendimento Especializado em Saúde (CAES), entre janeiro/2015 e dezembro/2017. Resultados: Totalizaram 127 registros de uso da PEP. Houve predomínio de mulheres (60,6%), média de idade de 31,9 anos e relação sexual desprotegida como forma de exposição mais prevalente. Constatou-se a utilização de 10 esquemas antirretrovirais distintos. Apenas 11,8% realizaram o acompanhamento com teste anti-HIV após três meses do início do uso da PEP, e não houve caso de soroconversão entre estes. Conclusão: Apesar da tecnologia de profilaxia pós-exposição ao HIV ser efetiva, torna-se importante a adesão ao esquema prescrito e acompanhamento de sua efetividade por realização de testes sorológicos. PALAVRA-CHAVE: HIV, síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida, profilaxia pré-exposição, terapia antirretroviral de alta atividade

ABSTRACT Introduction: From 1980 to June 2018 in Brazil, according to data from the Ministry of Health, there were approximately 926,742 notified AIDS cases. AIDS is still considered epidemic and incurable, sometimes fatal. However, there are chemoprophylactic strategies that aim to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with AIDS. Post-exposure HIV prophylaxis (PEP) is effective when used in accordance with clinical protocol, and it can prevent viral infection and thus the development of the disease, being, therefore, a cost-effective strategy. This study aimed to verify the frequency of use of post-exposure HIV prophylaxis in the population of southern Santa Catarina. Methods: A cross-sectional study in which forms for dispensing PEP medications, compulsory notification sheets, and follow-up forms for patients treated at the Specialized Health Care Center (CAES) between January/2015 and December/2017 were analyzed. Results: A total of 127 records of PEP use. There was a predominance of women (60.6%), mean age of 31.9 years, and unprotected sexual intercourse as the most prevalent form of exposure. The use of 10 different antiretroviral regimens was found. Only 11.8% underwent follow-up with an anti-HIV test three months after the start of PEP use, and there was no case of seroconversion among them. Conclusion: Although HIV post-exposure prophylaxis technology is effective, it is important to adhere to the prescribed regimen and monitor its effectiveness by performing serological tests. KEYWORDS: HIV, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, post-exposure prophylaxis, highly active antiretroviral therapy

Avaliação do uso da Profilaxia Pré-Exposição ao HIV: coorte retrospectiva / Evaluation of the use of pre-exposure HIV prophylaxis: retrospective cohort / Evaluación del uso de profilaxis pre-exposición al VIH: cohorte retrospectiva

Objetivo: Identificar o perfil da população que buscou a Profilaxia Pré-Exposição ao HIV (PrEP) no Paraná e, entre os usuários da PrEP, avaliar modificações nos comportamentos de risco de adquirir infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (IST's), além de alterações nos exames laboratoriais de monitoramento. Métodos: Coorte retrospectiva com dados secundários obtidos do Sistema de Controle Logístico de Medicamentos acessados em 2018 e 2019. Investigou-se o perfil sociodemográfico da população que buscou a PrEP, de forma a correlacioná-lo aos segmentos prioritários para o uso do medicamento profilático. Entre os usuários, avaliaram-se dados comportamentais, testes diagnósticos para IST's, funções renal e hepática referentes a diferentes momentos no decorrer do uso. Os resultados comparados deram-se por meio dos testes Wilcoxon e Exato de Fisher. Resultados: 255 pessoas buscaram a PrEP. Predominaram-se o sexo masculino (92,28%), homossexuais (78,04%), de 20 a 39 anos (83,53%), brancos (71,76%), com 12 ou mais anos de estudo (74,90%). Para uso da PrEP elegeram-se 188 pessoas. Entre estas, durante o uso, observou-se aumento de práticas sexuais sem preservativo (p=0,012), diminuição no número de parceiros e do consumo de álcool (p=0,001), aumento da atividade de enzimas hepáticas ALT/AST (p=0,018), sem diferença no diagnóstico do HIV e outras IST's. Conclusão: Homens que fazem sexo com homens predominaram na busca pela profilaxia. Entre os usuários da PrEP, apesar do aumento de práticas sexuais desprotegidas, não houve aumento do diagnóstico de IST's no período do estudo. O medicamento da PrEP demonstrou bom perfil de segurança nos exames laboratoriais de seguimento.

Objective: To identify the profile of the population that sought HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) in Paraná; and assess, among PrEP users, changes in risk behaviors for acquiring sexually transmitted infections (STIs) as well as changes in monitoring laboratory tests. Methods: Retrospective cohort with secondary data obtained from the Drug Logistics Control System accessed in 2018 and 2019. The sociodemographic profile of the population that sought PrEP was investigated to correlate it with priority segments for the use of prophylactic medication. Among users, behavioral data, diagnostic tests for STIs, kidney, and liver functions were evaluated at different times during use. The results were compared using the Wilcoxon and Fisher's Exact tests. Results: 255 people sought PrEP. Males predominated (92.28%), homosexuals (78.04%), from 20 to 39 years old (83.53%),white people (71.76%), with 12 or more years of schooling (74.90%). For the use of PrEP, 188 people were elected. Among them, during the usage, was noticed an increase in sexual practices without a condom (p=0.012), a decrease in the number of partners and alcohol consumption (p=0.001), an increase in the activity of liver enzymes ALT/AST (p=0.018), with no difference in the diagnosis of HIV and other STI's. Conclusion: Men who have sex with men predominated in the search for prophylaxis. Among PrEP users, despite the increase in unprotected sexual practices, there was no increase in the diagnosis of STIs during the study period; PrEP drugs showed a good safety profile in follow-up laboratory tests.

Objetivo: Identificar el perfil de la población que fue en busca de la Profilaxis pre-exposición al VIH (PrEP) en Paraná y, de entre los usuarios de la PrEP, evaluar los cambios de conducta de riesgo para tener infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) además de las alteraciones de las pruebas de laboratorios para el monitoreo. Métodos: Cohorte retrospectiva con datos secundarios del Sistema de Control Logístico de Medicamentos con acceso en 2018 y 2019. Se investigó el perfil sociodemográfico de la población que fue en busca de la PrEP, para correlacionarlo con los segmentos prioritarios para el uso del medicamento profiláctico. De los usuarios se ha evaluado los datos comportamentales, las pruebas de diagnósticos para las ITS, las funciones renales y hepática referente a distintos momentos durante el uso. Los resultados comparados se han dado a través de las pruebas de Wilcoxon y el Exacta de Fisher. Resultados: 255 personas han buscado la PrEP. Hubo el predominio para el sexo masculino (92,28%), homosexuales (78,04%), entre los 20 y 39 años (83,53%), blancos (71,76%), con 12 o más años de estudio (74,90%). Se há elegido 188 personas para el uso de la PrEP. De entre ellas, durante el uso, se observó el aumento de las prácticas sexuales sin condón (p=0,012), la disminución del número de compañeros y del consumo del alcohol (p=0,001), el aumento de la actividad de enzimas hepáticas ALT/AST (p=0,018), sin diferencia en el diagnóstico del VIH y de otras ITS. Conclusión: Los hombres que tienen sexo con hombres prevalecieron para la búsqueda de la profilaxis. De entre los usuarios de la PrEP, a pesar del aumento de las prácticas sexuales sin protección no hubo el aumento del diagnóstico de ITS en el período del estudio. El medicamento de la PrEP demostró un perfil bueno de seguridad en las pruebas de laboratorios de seguimiento.

High acceptability of PrEP teleconsultation and HIV self-testing among PrEP users during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil

ABSTRACT In March 2020, telemedicine and HIV self-testing were adopted by Brazilian Public Health services to minimize disruptions in pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) access and delivery during the COVID-19 pandemic. To understand the acceptability of PrEP teleconsultation and HIV self-testing, we conducted a web-based study during social distancing period (April-May, 2020) among men who have sex with men and transgender/non-binary individuals using social media. Out of the 2375 HIV negative respondents, 680 reported PrEP use and were included in this analysis. Median age was 33 years (IQR: 28-40), 98% cisgender men, 56% white, 74% high education, and 68% middle/high income. Willingness to use HIVST was 79% and 32% received an HIV self-testing during social distancing period. The majority reported preference for PrEP/HIV self-testing home delivery instead of collecting at the service. PrEP teleconsultation was experienced by 21% and most reported feeling satisfied with the procedures. High acceptability of PrEP teleconsultation was reported by 70%. In ordinal logistic model, having higher education was associated with high aceptability of PrEP teleconsultation (aOR:1.62; 95%CI: 1.07-2.45). Our results point out that PrEP teleconsultation and PrEP/HIV self-testing home delivery could be implemented by PrEP services in Brazil to avoid PrEP shortage during the COVID-19 pandemic and thereafter as an option to increase retention and adherence.

Ivermectina un medicamento de uso indiscriminado en el manejo del Covid-19 / Ivermectin a drug of indiscriminate use in the management of Covid-19 / Ivermectina, uma droga de uso indiscriminado no manejo da Covid-19

Los Coronaviridae son una familia de virus ARN que han afectado, a lo largo de la historia, a mamíferos y aves. Estos patógenos, conocidos y estudiados por varias décadas, también han sido los responsables de infecciones que usualmente se presentan en el tracto respiratorio en humanos. Su más reciente variante SARS-CoV-2, fue identificada a finales del año 2019 en la ciudad china de Wuhan donde el virus fue identificado como el causante de múltiples neumonías severas en la población (1). Dicho brote tuvo una extensión que superó las expectativas, creando el hito más grande del siglo XXI. El 11 de marzo de 2020 el virus fue declarado pandemia, su transmisión de forma directa de persona a persona jugó un papel muy importante en el rápido esparcimiento de este nuevo coronavirus. Su gran abanico de presentación clínica, que parte desde formas completamente asintomáticas hasta llegar a infecciones de tracto respiratorio más graves e incluso mortales, jamás antes vistas (2), se convirtió en un reto social, político y médico.

The Coronaviridae are a family of RNA viruses that have affected mammals and birds throughout history. These pathogens, known and studied for several decades, have also been responsible for infections that usually occur in the respiratory tract in humans. Its most recent variant SARS-CoV-2 was identified at the end of 2019 in the Chinese city of Wuhan where the virus was identified as the cause of multiple severe pneumonia in the population (1). This outbreak had an extension that exceeded expectations, creating the largest milestone of the 21st century. On March 11, 2020, the virus was declared a pandemic, its direct transmission from person to person played a very important role in the rapid spread of this new coronavirus. Its wide range of clinical presentation, ranging from completely asymptomatic forms to reaching more serious and even fatal respiratory tract infections, never seen before (2), became a social, political and medical challenge.

Os Coronaviridae são uma família de vírus RNA que afetaram mamíferos e pássaros ao longo da história. Esses patógenos, conhecidos e estudados há várias décadas, também são responsáveis por infecções que geralmente ocorrem no trato respiratório em humanos. Sua variante mais recente, SARS-CoV-2, foi identificada no final de 2019 na cidade chinesa de Wuhan, onde o vírus foi identificado como causa de múltiplas pneumonias graves na população (1). Este surto teve uma extensão que superou as expectativas, criando o maior marco do século XXI. Em 11 de março de 2020, o vírus foi declarado pandêmico, sua transmissão direta de pessoa a pessoa desempenhou um papel muito importante na rápida disseminação deste novo coronavírus. Seu amplo espectro de apresentação clínica, desde formas totalmente assintomáticas até infecções mais graves e até fatais do trato respiratório, nunca antes vistas (2), tornou-se um desafio social, político e médico.